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American Exceptionalism II: Sandburg, Holiday and Strange Fruit ~ An Abens Special

2/27/2015

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PictureIllinois' Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)

*In honor of the exceptional freethinker, Bangladeshi-American blogger Avijit Roy, hacked to death for speaking freely, 26 February 2015.






Part II of American Exceptionalism continues with Carl Sandburg’s Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919 …

“We have seen it happen so often whenever we read newspaper(s) … of a public hanging or burning in Texas or a Mississippi town we get ready to extend greetings to people from the immediate vicinity of the scene of the lynching.
  “If it is Arkansas or Georgia ... there will be large representations from those states … at the Illinois Central Station.”

Sandburg knew America. I like the line “American Exceptionalism” being used on a lefty, which Sandburg was; not really much the haters can say about that as the “City of Broad Shoulders” saves him from being branded anything like “socialist” – which I’m sure he was. At most the right just ignores Sandburg’s left much the same as they love Jack London for his dog stories, but one almost never hears about The Iron Heel, London’s 1908 story of oligarchic tyranny.

Sandburg suggested three factors, “in any American city where the racial situation is critical.” His wisdom is still wise; he noted the factors were housing, politics and war psychology, and the organization of labor, and those are still true – 100 years later.

The black soldiers who had returned from Europe after WWI had a new sense of pride, had been treated well “over there,” and had been trained in firearms; of course, some stayed armed when they got home.

A brief background of the times would include the race riots across America in 1919 as well as the efforts of prominent African-Americans who tried to get an anti-lynching law passed, to no avail, until 1964, when (finally) President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, giving some teeth to a citizen’s right to live. Some names you may know (or might want to) who grew up in these times, include: Jack Johnson (1878-1946), Paul Robeson (1898-1976), Josephine Baker (1906-75), Billie Holiday (1915-59), Jimi Hendrix (1942-70), and Muhammad Ali (1942, age 73).

Billie Holliday recorded Strange Fruit, a song about lynching, in 1939; it’s a strange song about a strange America, one that didn’t see itself in the other. Carl Sandburg had that talent, the ability to see the other, and maybe that’s the elusive American Exceptionalism people keep talking about: maybe our exceptionalism is in how we treat others – and that history is our heritage.

William Abens, author




*Also ~ A 2013 book, Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society and an Early Cry For Civil Rights.

*Next up: International Women’s Day (Sunday 8 March) and the theme Make It Happen, a Hannah Arendt Footnotes (AF2) posting on Saturday 7 March.


Posted by Bryan W. Brickner
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American Exceptionalism I: Carl Sandburg, Race and Reform ~ An Abens Special

2/26/2015

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PictureIllinois' Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)






“The so-called race riots in Chicago during the last week of July, 1919, started on a Sunday at a bathing beach. A colored boy swam across an imaginary segregation line. White boys threw rocks at him and knocked him off a raft. He was drowned. Colored people rushed to a policeman and asked for the arrest of the boys throwing stones. The policeman refused … more rocks were thrown, on both sides. The policeman held on to his refusal to make arrests. Fighting then began that spread to all borders of the Black Belt. The score at the end of 3 days was 20 negroes dead, 14 white men dead, and a number of houses burned. The riots furnished an excuse for every element of Gangland to go to it and test their prowess by the ancient ordeals of the jungle.”

Thus Carl Sandburg begins his eighty-odd page book The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919 (Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1919). While the first few pages deal with the riot itself, the bulk of the book traces the roots of race relations across America in the summer of 1919, centering on Chicago.

PictureChicago 1919 Douglas Neighborhood: five police officers and a soldier
The three-time Pulitzer Prize winner gives three factors in the Chicago race riots of 1919:

1.   The Black Belt population of 50,000 more than doubled in Chicago during the war (World War I that is) and no new houses or tenements were built.

2.  The Black Belt connects directly with a city administration … and a mayor whose opponents failed to defeat him with the covert circulation of the epithet “nigger lover” … to such a community the doughboys came back from France.

3.     The third factor was that union members black and white by the thousands … were shaking hands as “brothers” and could not be counted on for any share in the mob shouts and ravages.

PictureChicago Train Station 1881-1925
Sandburg wrote of a different America than most knew; for example, one of the more disturbing chapters in Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919, is chapter VII, called After Each Lynching:

“Chicago is a receiving station that connects directly with every town or city where the people conduct a lynching. Every time a lynching takes place in a community down south you can depend of it that colored people from that community will arrive in Chicago inside of two weeks says the secretary … of the Chicago Urban League … on Wabash Ave.”

Let’s pause and pick up (at the train station) tomorrow with Part II of Carl Sandburg and American Exceptionalism.

William Abens, author




*Next: Tomorrow, Part II of the Abens special, American Exceptionalism and Carl Sandburg.  






Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Arendt Footnotes: Marx, Violence and the American Revolution

2/23/2015

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Picture
AF1 (first in a regular series)





The Human Condition, p228
The University of Chicago Press (1958)


Beginnings

Let’s start with three sentences (headers added), a footnote and comment.

Making in the Modern Age:
“Only the modern age’s conviction that man can know only what he makes, that his allegedly higher capacities depend upon making and that he therefore is primarily homo faber and not an animal rationale, brought forth the much older implications of violence inherent in all interpretations of the realm of human affairs as a sphere of making." 

Picture
Revolution in the Modern Age:    
“This has been particularly striking in the series of revolutions, characteristic of the modern age, all of which – with the exception of the American Revolution – show the same combination of the old Roman enthusiasm for the foundation of a new body politic with the glorification of violence as the only means for 'making' it."

Picture
Violent Midwife:
“Marx’s dictum that 'violence is the midwife of every old society pregnant with a new one,' that is, of all change in history and politics, (footnote #70) only sums up the conviction of the whole modern age and draws the consequences of its innermost belief that history is 'made' by men as nature is 'made' by God.”

Picture

Footnote for Any Age:
"70. The quote is from Capital (Modern Library ed.), p. 824. Other passages in Marx show that he does not restrict his remark to the manifestation of social or economic forces. For example, ‘In actual history it is notorious that conquest, enslavement, robbery, murder, briefly violence, play the great part’ (ibid., 785).”

Shivitti.


Today’s (1964) video: Hannah Arendt “Zur Person” Full Interview (with English subtitles)

*Next Ew Publishing: Black history American exceptionalism and Carl Sandburg’s Chicago of 1919, a William Abens special this Friday 27 February.    

Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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We the People, Publius and George Washington’s Birthday Cannabinoids

2/21/2015

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PictureGeorge Washington: 34 years of cannabinoid growing






The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
By Publius


George Washington’s Cannabinoids

George Washington was born 22 February 1732; he grew his first cannabinoids, fields of hemp, at the age of 33 in the year 1765 – eleven years prior to the American Revolution.

Washington first grew pot in 1765 for the King (there was a hemp bounty) and harvested 5,000 pounds … of fiber; he also collected and processed 152 bushels of cannabis seeds his first year. He noted all of this 250 years ago in his farm notes; Publius discusses George’s hemp in The Cannabis Papers, essay #11, Washington’s hemp seed love.

Washington’s 283rd birthday and 34 years of growing cannabinoids are celebrated with four 2015 research articles from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed). Today’s cannabinoid update highlights: epilepsy and FAAH cannabinoid competition, pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children and CS treatments, our medical community in need of cannabinoid science, and further evidence of CS neuroplasticity (this time it’s the hippocampus).

Happy Birthday George!
And thanks for We the People ~ We Shall Dream Again!

I. Epilepsy, Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and Cannabinoid Competition
“Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) occur naturally in marijuana (Cannabis) and may be formulated, individually or in combination in pharmaceuticals such as Marinol or Sativex. … Recent reports suggest that CBD and THC elevate the levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) when administered to humans, suggesting that phytocannabinoids target cellular proteins involved in endocannabinoid clearance. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular proteins that mediate AEA transport to its catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). … Competition for FABPs may in part or wholly explain the increased circulating levels of endocannabinoids reported after consumption of cannabinoids. These data shed light on the mechanism of action of CBD in modulating the endocannabinoid tone in vivo and may explain, in part, its reported efficacy towards epilepsy and other neurological disorders.”
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) are Intracellular Carriers for Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).
Elmes MW, Kaczocha M, Berger WT, Leung K, Ralph BP, Wang L, Sweeney JM, Miyauchi JT, Tsirka SE, Ojima I, Deutsch DG.
J Biol Chem. 2015 Feb 9. pii: jbc.M114.618447. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25666611 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Free Article
Related citations

II. Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy in Children and Cannabinoids
“Medications are often first-line treatment for epilepsy in children. A detailed review of antiepileptic drugs and their application in various epilepsy syndromes is provided in the article "Antiepileptic Drugs-A Review" by Sankaraneni and Lachhwani (this issue). Here, we will focus on nonmedicinal approaches-some fairly longstanding and described since Biblical times such as the ketogenic diet while others are relatively new such as neurostimulation. Yet, others such as cannabinoids have been utilized for centuries for their medicinal properties, but we are just learning the scientific basis behind their efficacy. Families are often interested in nonmedicinal avenues of treatment, and knowledge of these options can empower a pediatrician to help families make choices that have scientific validity.”
Options for pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children: when medications don't work.
Sharp GB, Samanta D, Willis E.
Pediatr Ann. 2015 Feb 1;44(2):e43-8. doi: 10.3928/00904481-20150203-11.
PMID: 25658218 [PubMed - in process]
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III. Medical Community Needs Cannabinoid Research
“There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of marijuana (cannabis) and cannabinoid-based chemicals within the medical community and, particularly, for neurological conditions. This interest is driven both by changes in the legal status of cannabis in many areas and increasing research into the roles of endocannabinoids within the central nervous system and their potential as symptomatic and/or neuroprotective therapies. … Despite the widespread publicity about the medical benefits of cannabinoids, further preclinical and clinical research is needed to better characterize the pharmacological, physiological, and therapeutic effects of this class of drugs in movement disorders.”
The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders.
Kluger B, Triolo P, Jones W, Jankovic J.
Mov Disord. 2015 Feb 4. doi: 10.1002/mds.26142. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25649017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

IV. Further Evidence of Neuroplastic Role of Cannabinoids (Hippocampus)
“Endocannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are present in the CNS and modulate synaptic activity. … Results show that long-term hippocampal slice cultures respond to both CB1R activation and inactivation by changing neuronal protein expression patterns. In the present study, we demonstrate that CB1R agonist ACEA promotes alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton as well as changes in CB1R expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, and that CB1R antagonist AM251 promotes neuronal death and astroglial reaction.”
Further Evidence for the Neuroplastic Role of Cannabinoids: A Study in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures.
Caltana LR, Heimrich B, Brusco A.
J Mol Neurosci. 2015 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25645684 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

Today’s video: The surprising story of medical marijuana and pediatric epilepsy | Josh Stanley | TEDxBoulder

Next Ew Publishing: The beginnings of a Hannah Arendt series on Tuesday, 24 February, with The Human Condition, Arendt Footnotes and The American Revolution ~ monthly on the Bryan William Brickner Blog.

Posted by Bryan W. Brickner


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We the People and Synaptic Serotonin (5-HT) Science

2/20/2015

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Picture5-HT Receptor Ribbon by S. Jahnichen







Honoring We the People


We the People is a higher thought and one’s serotonin system is part of all thoughts – high or otherwise. Today’s serotonin (5-HT) focus is homeostasis, with particular attention on the central nervous system. From the National Institutes of Health (PubMed), our We the People line-up includes four 2015 serotonin articles regarding: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 5-HT3 receptors and OCD, prefrontal cortex (brain) and 5-HT2A receptors, and genetic research on suicide and the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT, SERT).

We the People All!

I. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Serotonin System (SSRIs)
“This narrative review gathers together a range of international experts to critically appraise the existing trial-based evidence relating to the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder in adults. … Robust data supports the effectiveness of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and clomipramine in the short-term and the longer-term treatment and for relapse prevention. Owing to better tolerability, SSRIs are acknowledged as the first-line pharmacological treatment of choice. For those patients for whom first line treatments have been ineffective, evidence supports the use of adjunctive antipsychotic medication, and some evidence supports the use of high-dose SSRIs.”
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Practical strategies for pharmacological and somatic treatment in adults.
Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Simpson HB, Phillips KA, Richter MA, Matthews K, Stein DJ, Sareen J, Brown A, Sookman D.
Psychiatry Res. 2015 Feb 10. pii: S0165-1781(14)00986-X. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.003. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25681005 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

II. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Serotonin System (5-HT3 Receptors)
“The purpose of this literature database search-based review was to critically consider and evaluate the findings of literature focusing on efficacy and safety of 5-HT3 antagonists in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), so as to test whether preclinical data match clinical therapeutic trials. … The PubMed database has been searched for papers on 5-HT3 antagonists and OCD in humans and for animal models of OCD and 5-HT3 receptors. … Of the clinically tested 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, ondansetron has been used to treat OCD in five therapeutic studies, whereas granisetron only in one recent trial. … Overall, results indicate some utility, but the available literature is too scanty to allow for valid conclusions to be drawn.”
Are 5-HT3 antagonists effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder? A systematic review of literature.
Serata D, Kotzalidis GD, Rapinesi C, Janiri D, Di Pietro S, Callovini G, Piacentino D, Gasperoni C, Brugnoli R, Ferri VR, Girardi N, Tatarelli R, Ferracuti S, Angeletti G, Girardi P, Del Casale A.
Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015 Feb 10. doi: 10.1002/hup.2461. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25676060 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

III. Prefrontal Cortex (Brain), Dopamine and Serotonin-2A (5-HT2A)
“Modulation of dopamine (DA) released by serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptors has been implicated in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. The mesocortical DA system has been implicated particularly in the cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. Agonism at 5-HT2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with increases in cortical DA release. Evidence indicates that 5-HT2A receptors in the cortex regulate mesocortical DA release through stimulation of a "long-loop" feedback system from the PFC to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and back. However, a causal role for VTA glutamate in the 5-HT2-induced increases in PFC DA has not been established. … These results demonstrate that stimulation of glutamate receptors in the VTA is necessary for 5-HT2 agonist-induced increases in cortical DA.”
Stimulation of glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area is necessary for serotonin-2 receptor-induced increases in mesocortical dopamine release.
Pehek EA, Hernan AE.
Neuroscience. 2015 Jan 28;290C:159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.029. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25637799 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

IV. Major Depressive Disorder, Suicide and the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTT, SERT)
“The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes are major candidate genes for modulating the suicidal behavior. We investigated the association between serotonin transporter polymorphisms and suicidal behavior in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). … Although not statistically significant, a trend was found such that the 10/10 and 10/12 alleles of 5-HTTVNTR were more common in suicidal subjects than in control subjects. … These results show the possibility that 10 allele of 5-HTTVNTR is related to suicidal behavior in the suicidal subjects with MDD and suggest that 12 allele of 5-HTTVNTR might be related to more lethality in the suicidal subjects with MDD.”
Possible Association between Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Suicide Behavior in Major Depressive Disorder.
Lee HY, Hong JP, Hwang JA, Lee HJ, Yoon HK, Lee BH, Kim YK.
Psychiatry Investig. 2015 Jan;12(1):136-41. doi: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.136. Epub 2015 Jan 12.
PMID: 25670956 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
Related citations

Today’s Video: Serotonin: Suicide, Aggression and Impulsivity (7 of 8) 

*Next Up: Tomorrow, Sunday 22 February, We the People, Publius and Homeostatic Cannabinoids.

Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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    Author

    Brickner has a 1997 political science doctorate from Purdue University, cofounded Illinois NORML in 2001, and was a 2007 National NORML Cannabis Advocate Awardee. He is also publisher and coauthor of the 2011 book banned by the Illinois Department of Corrections – The Cannabis Papers: A Citizen’s Guide to Cannabinoids.

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