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Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis

12/31/2017

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​Something for 2018 ~ Gut instinct is bidirectional
 
Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis
Behavioural Brain Research
15 January 2015: Pages 32-48
S.M. O’Mahony, et al
 
The Abstract as Poem
(Or, A Microbiota Ode to the Brain-Gut Axis)
 
The brain-gut axis is
 a bidirectional communication system
 between the central nervous system
 and the gastrointestinal tract.
 
Serotonin functions as a key neurotransmitter
 at both terminals of this network.
 
Accumulating evidence points to a critical role
 for the gut microbiome
 in regulating normal functioning of this axis.
 
In particular,
 it is becoming clear
 that the microbial influence on tryptophan metabolism
 and the serotonergic system
 may be an important node in such regulation.
 
There is also substantial overlap
 between behaviours influenced by the gut microbiota
 and those which rely on intact serotonergic neurotransmission.
 
The developing serotonergic system may be vulnerable
 to differential microbial colonisation patterns
 prior to the emergence of a stable adult-like gut microbiota.
 
At the other extreme of life,
 the decreased diversity and stability of the gut microbiota
 may dictate serotonin-related health problems in the elderly.
 
The mechanisms underpinning this crosstalk
 require further elaboration
 but may be related to the ability of the gut microbiota
 to control host tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway,
 thereby simultaneously
 reducing the fraction available for serotonin synthesis
 and increasing the production of neuroactive metabolites.
 
The enzymes of this pathway are immune and stress-responsive,
 both systems which buttress the brain-gut axis.
 
In addition,
 there are neural processes in the gastrointestinal tract
 which can be influenced
 by local alterations in serotonin concentrations
 with subsequent relay of signals
 along the scaffolding of the brain-gut axis
 to influence CNS neurotransmission.
 
Therapeutic targeting
 of the gut microbiota
 might be a viable treatment strategy
 for serotonin-related brain-gut axis disorders.
 
Here’s to Buttressed Happy Guts in 2018!
 
*Next Up: 1 February 2018 and a 2020 Update.
 
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner
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Life Serotonin Supplementation (LSS): Shivitti, Healing and Psychedelic Physiodelia

5/3/2017

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Picture





​Shivitti: the eighth verse from the sixteenth Psalm,
“I have set the Lord always before me.”
 
Our example today for “psychedelic physiodelia” is from Shivitti: A Vision, the story of five journeys with LSD to heal Auschwitz nightmares.
 
A survivor of Auschwitz is living in Israel in the 1970s and hears of other sufferers of concentration camp symptoms finding relief at a clinic in Europe; the treatment uses injections of LSD to heal traumas.
 
Ka-Tzetnik 135633, Mr. De-Nur, the survivor and author, writes of his healing experiences that are based on the activation of his serotonin system via LSD.
 
De-Nur’s serotonin-induced visions are psychedelic in both meanings of the word; they happen in his mind and embrace his soul.
 
De-Nur’s serotonin-induced visions are physiodelia as well; the LSD-injected journey concludes when the doctor (guide) simply touches the patient’s arm – which ends the trip and creates space for healing.
 
De-Nur reported hearing the Creative Voice in a session and was able to heal his Auschwitz nightmares after five LSD treatments.
 
Shivitti: A Vision
Ka-Tzetnik 135633
Translated from the Hebrew by Eliyah Nike De-Nur and Lisa Herman (1989/98)
 
Press Release for Shivitti: A Review of Ka-Tzetnik 135633’s Vision
Bryan W. Brickner (2015)
 
*Next Up: 24 May with Progesterone and Cannabinoid Systems.
 
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Life Serotonin Supplementation (LSS): Psychedelia and Physiodelia

4/26/2017

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PictureSomething Psychedelic












​
​That the word “psychedelia” is on the Wikipedia page for serotonin science is intriguing: it’s a word of culture on a science page. Psychedelia the noun is music, culture or art based on the experiences of psychedelic drugs; yet the serotonin system is independent of 20th century culture – so there must be more. Psychedelia is derived from the Greek word for psyche (breath, life, soul) and delos (clear, manifest). Breathing, life and soul made clear and manifest is something someone on LSD might experience; an example of such an experience is found in Shivitti: A Vision by Ka-Tzetnik 135633.

PictureSomething Physiodelic











​​Physio- is a prefix from the Greek word phusis, nature. Serotonin is in nature and is mostly made in our guts (with hunger being an instinct). In the “breath, life, soul” elements of psyche we see the physical aspect of psychedelia; this points to the older meaning of psyche though and not the 20th century version. To make space for “physiodelia” is to highlight the other parts of our bodies. A psychedelic experience is often more than a mind event: it can be “physiodelic” when done in accord with other natural phenomena – such as dancing, loving, and sunrising.
 






*Next Up: 3 May and a Life Serotonin Supplementation (LSS), Shivitti as Psychedelic Physiodelia.
 
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Life Serotonin Supplementation Update: UK Microdosing LSD and Serotonin Receptors

4/19/2017

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PictureSerotonin Receptor by S Jahnichen



A 10 April 2017 BBC story, Microdosing: The people taking LSD with their breakfast, reports individuals regularly taking small amounts of LSD for health.
​
A look at “serotonin” on Wikipedia reveals why people would be supplementing their serotonin systems for health:
 
Serotonin Receptor Actions/Modulations
  • Memory
  • Learning
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Schizophrenia
  • Regulating the release of serotonin
  • Analgesia
  • Aggression
  • Dopamine release in prefrontal cortex
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Bone mass
  • Psychedelia [note: “Physiodelia” is often a better word]
  • Norepinephrine release
  • Glutamate release in prefrontal cortex
  • Urinary bladder contractions
  • Cardiovascular functioning
  • Empathy (via the spindle neurons)
  • Dopamine release into the mesocorticolimbic pathway
  • Acetylcholine [nicotinic] release in prefrontal cortex
  • Appetite
  • Anti-psychotic
  • Emesis
  • Anxiolysis [calming]
  • Movement of food across the GI tract
  • Memory consolidation
  • Cognition
One could easily add laughter, dreams (day and night), prayer and meditation to things our serotonin receptors modulate.
 
*Next Up: 26 April and a Life Serotonin Supplementation (LSS) on Physiodelia.
 
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Narrative Cluster Headache: A Journeying Pamphlet by Stephen Young

3/22/2016

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Picture



Available:
 
Suicide Headaches, Short Trips and Saved Lives
By Stephen Young
 
From 2006 PubMed
Neurology. 2006 Jun 27;66(12):1920-2.
Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD.
Sewell RA1, Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr.
Author information
Abstract
The authors interviewed 53 cluster headache patients who had used psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to treat their condition. Twenty-two of 26 psilocybin users reported that psilocybin aborted attacks; 25 of 48 psilocybin users and 7 of 8 LSD users reported cluster period termination; 18 of 19 psilocybin users and 4 of 5 LSD users reported remission period extension. Research on the effects of psilocybin and LSD on cluster headache may be warranted.
 
*Next Up: 2 April.
 
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Synaptic Serotonin (5HT): Gut Work to Work Better in 2015

12/26/2014

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PictureHolstein dairy cows and serotonergic energy





The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
By Publius


Mammalian Holstein Edition

Mammals produce serotonin (5HT); it’s transported from our gut, where 80-90% is produced (the rest made in one’s brain), until it connects with our serotonin receptors, our most prolific set with 15. Today’s serotonin system science update covers modulating our digestion: specifically, our gut. Below are three (brief) science stories from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed). The serotonin gut tales include: serotonin transporters and colitis pathogenesis, serotonergic and glutamatergic dual signaling, and, one for our mammalian clade (a single branch of the tree of life), 5HT liver glucose homeostasis during transition from pregnancy to lactation (making milk) in Holstein dairy cows.    

Bonus: Medical News Today posted a good (gut) serotonergic summary in September 2014, What is serotonin? What does serotonin do? Learning about our serotonin systems will make us healthier; that’s really why they are studying the Holstein dairy cows, for example. Stress on a lactating dairy cow hurts profits; life's modulations, such as the stress of pregnancy, birth, and lactation, are serotonin system dependent – in all mammals, not just in Holstein dairy cows.

I. Colitis Pathogenesis, Serotonin and the Serotonin Reuptake Transporter (5-HTT)
“Serotonin (5-HT) release and serotonin reuptake transporter (5-HTT) expression have been reported to be decreased in experimental colitis, in interleukin-10 knockout-associated colitis, and in patients with ulcerative colitis. Serotonin is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of colitis, but individual genetic variants of 5-HTT gene in microscopic colitis and ulcerative colitis are not known. … A significant association was observed between LL genotype of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and microscopic colitis, suggesting that 5-HTTLPR is a potential candidate gene involved in the pathogenesis of microscopic colitis. Serotonin levels were significantly higher in microscopic colitis and ulcerative colitis patients compared to healthy controls.”
Association of Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with Microscopic Colitis and Ulcerative Colitis.
Sikander A, Sinha SK, Prasad KK, Rana SV.
Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25532499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

II. Serotonin, Glutamate and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
“Neuroscientists have been puzzled by the fact that acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) produces results that are, at times, compatible with either decreases or increases in serotonergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, the underlying cause of the delayed onset of antidepressant effects of SSRI treatment has remained obscure. It has recently been reported that serotonergic raphe neurons co-release glutamate and that serotonergic and glutamatergic components constitute a dual signal with behaviorally distinct effects.”
Dual serotonergic signals: a key to understanding paradoxical effects?
Fischer AG, Jocham G, Ullsperger M.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2014 Dec 10. pii: S1364-6613(14)00237-X. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.004. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
PMID: 25532701 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

III. Serotonin, Liver Glucose Homeostasis and Lactation (Holstein dairy cows)
“Nonneuronal serotonin (5-HT) participates in glucose metabolism, but little is known regarding the actions of 5-HT in the liver during the transition period in dairy cattle. Here, we explore circulating patterns of 5-HT and characterize the hepatic 5-HT receptor and glucose transporter profiles around calving in multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 6, average lactation = 4 ± 1.9). … These results indicate that 5-HT could be important for liver glucose homeostasis possibly through receptor mediated signaling at specific times. Additional research is needed to further explore the functional role of these receptors in the liver during the transition from pregnancy to lactation.”
Serotonin receptor expression is dynamic in the liver during the transition period in Holstein dairy cows.
Laporta J, Hernandez LL.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2014 Nov 26;51C:65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.11.005. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25528206 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Video ~ Digestive Wellness: The Brain-Gut Connection with Liz Lipski, PhD, CCN (2010)

Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Homeostasis: Equinox Serotonin (5HT) Headache Stories

9/20/2014

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PictureHomeostatic Life Light (2014)






The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
By Publius

Headache Edition ~ Autumnal Equinox


Equinox and Homeostasis are mid-point extremes and today’s serotonin system science looks at 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) and its role in modulating another extreme, the brain: specifically, headaches. Below are five (brief) science stories from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed). The serotonin brain tales include: pro-cognitive 5-HT4 receptors, mitigating medication overuse, abnormal headache chronicity, (red) wine interference mechanisms, and new cluster headache horizons.

Autumnal Equinox Health Everyone!

1. Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptors ~ Pro-Cognitive Hippocampal Effects
“Activation of serotonin 5-HT4 receptors has pro-cognitive effects on memory performance. … These results indicate that 5-HT4 receptors are not synthesized by cholinergic cells, and thus would be absent from cholinergic terminals. In contrast, several non-cholinergic cell populations within the basal forebrain and its target hippocampal and cortical areas express these receptors and are thus likely to mediate the enhancement of acetylcholine release elicited by 5-HT4 agonists.”
Serotonin 5-HT4 receptors and forebrain cholinergic system: receptor expression in identified cell populations.
Peñas-Cazorla R, Vilaró MT.
Brain Struct Funct. 2014 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25183542 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

2. Serotonin Metabolism ~ Reversing Anxiety and Depression
“Medication overuse headache (MOH) affects between 1% and 2% of the general population but is present in up to 50% of patients seen in headache centers. … We conclude that headache frequency can be reduced to episodic headache in more than 50% of the patients by simple detoxification and information. Approximately half the patients will not have need for prophylactic medication after withdrawal. Pain perception is altered in patients with MOH but can be restored to a baseline pattern, indicating a reversible mechanism in the central sensitization leading to chronic pain. The great comorbidity with depression and anxiety could be a consequence of the altered serotonin metabolism indicating a reversible and potentially treatable condition.”
Medication overuse headache.
Munksgaard SB, Jensen RH.
Headache. 2014 Jul-Aug;54(7):1251-7. doi: 10.1111/head.12408. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
PMID: 24990298 [PubMed - in process]
Related citations

3. Serotonergic Homeostasis ~ Chronic Migraine and Tension-Type Headaches
“The primary aim of this study (TA-CH, Tryptophan Amine in Chronic Headache) was to investigate a possible role of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in chronic migraine (CM) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). … Our results support the hypothesis that TRP metabolism is altered in CM and CTTH patients, leading to a reduction in plasma TRY. As TRY modulates the function of pain matrix serotonergic system, this may affect modulation of incoming nociceptive inputs from the trigeminal endings and posterior horns of the spinal cord. We suggest that these biochemical abnormalities play a role in the chronicity of CM and CTTH.”
Tryptamine levels are low in plasma of chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache.
D'Andrea G, D'Amico D, Bussone G, Bolner A, Aguggia M, Saracco MG, Galloni E, De Riva V, D'Arrigo A, Colavito D, Leon A, Perini F.
Neurol Sci. 2014 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25016960 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

4. Serotonin Metabolism / Migraines ~ Wine Interference Mechanisms
“Wine, and specifically red wine, is a migraine trigger. Non-migraineurs may have headache attacks with wine ingestion as well. The reasons for that triggering potential are uncertain, but the presence of phenolic flavonoid radicals and the potential for interfering with the central serotonin metabolism are probably the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between wine and headache. Further controlled studies are necessary to enlighten this traditional belief.”
Wine and headache.
Krymchantowski AV, da Cunha Jevoux C.
Headache. 2014 Jun;54(6):967-75. doi: 10.1111/head.12365. Epub 2014 May 6.
PMID: 24801068 [PubMed - in process]
Related citations

5. Serotonin Homeostasis ~ New Migraine and Cluster Headache Horizons
“Migraine and cluster headache are primary headache disorders commonly encountered in clinical practice. … This article will highlight several of the new treatments that are currently under investigation including novel delivery mechanisms of already existing medications, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists, antibodies to CGRP and its receptor, serotonin receptor agonists, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor modulators, orexin receptor antagonists, glial cell modulators, and neuromodulation.”
New treatments for headache.
Vollbracht S, Rapoport AM.
Neurol Sci. 2014 May;35 Suppl 1:89-97. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-1747-z.
PMID: 24867844 [PubMed - in process]
Related citations

Serotonin Video: The Truth about Depression BBC Full Documentary 2013
~
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Solstice Serotonin (5HTP) Science Stories

6/20/2014

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PictureLife ~ circa 2014






Serotonin activation was our topic on 19 April 2014; it’s serotonin life sciences today with the precursor 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) in highlight. 

Below are four (brief) science stories from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed). Shortened titles should suffice to suggest the main themes: Therapeutic 5-HTP, Hot Flash and Breast Cancer Reduction, Irritable Bowels, and Morphine’s Efficacy. The links and quotes are from PubMed (1998-2014).

Healthy Solstice Everyone!
~.~
Therapeutic 5-HTP Has Been Shown … (1998)
“5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the intermediate metabolite of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (LT) in the biosynthesis of serotonin. Intestinal absorption of 5-HTP does not require the presence of a transport molecule, and is not affected by the presence of other amino acids; therefore it may be taken with meals without reducing its effectiveness. … Therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of conditions, including depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.”
5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor.
Birdsall TC.
Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug;3(4):271-80. Review.
PMID: 9727088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
Related citations

Hot Flash (and Breast Cancer) Reduction: a hypothesis (2005)
“This would be particularly desirable for menopausal women with breast cancer or with risks of breast cancer. This article discusses the background information on hot flashes, SSRIs, tryptophan, and 5HTP, and possible clinical application of 5HTP for menopausal women with breast cancer risk.”
The potential of 5-hydryoxytryptophan for hot flash reduction: a hypothesis.
Curcio JJ, Kim LS, Wollner D, Pockaj BA.
Altern Med Rev. 2005 Sep;10(3):216-21.
PMID: 16164376 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
Related citations

A Serotonin-mediated Mechanism in Bowels (2014)
“Oral 5-HTP induced alterations in mucosal 5-HT metabolism. In healthy controls, a reinforcement of the intestinal barrier was seen whereas such reaction was absent in IBS [irritable bowel syndrome] patients. This could indicate the presence of a serotonin-mediated mechanism aimed to reinforce intestinal barrier function, which seems to dysfunction in IBS patients.”
Serotonergic reinforcement of intestinal barrier function is impaired in irritable bowel syndrome.
Keszthelyi D, Troost FJ, Jonkers DM, van Eijk HM, Lindsey PJ, Dekker J, Buurman WA, Masclee AA.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jun 18. doi: 10.1111/apt.12842. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 24943480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

Serotonin and Morphine’s Efficacy (2014)
“Systemic administration of morphine increases 5-HT levels in the spinal cord, and the increase in 5-HT contributes to morphine-induced analgesia in the normal state but attenuates that in neuropathic pain through spinal 5-HT3 receptors. The plasticity of the descending serotonergic system may contribute to the reduced efficacy of systemic morphine in neuropathic pain.”
Peripheral Nerve Injury Reduces Analgesic Effects of Systemic Morphine via Spinal 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 Receptors.
Kimura M, Obata H, Saito S.
Anesthesiology. 2014 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 24887968 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

VIDEO:
5HTP benefit and side effects of 5htp, dosage, anxiety, weight loss, sleep

BONUS VIDEO: Serotonin/Binaural Beats
5-HTP secretion for happiness binaural beats, intensity WARNING

~ Posted by Bryan W. Brickner ~


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Synaptic Serotonin’s Bicycle Day 2014: A (Short) Science Story

4/18/2014

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Picture
Albert Hoffman 1993 (by Philip H. Bailey)

Bicycle Day is the day scientist Albert Hoffman took an intentional dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and then rode his bike home.

Hoffman’s intentional dose on 19 April 1943 was actually his second “contact” with LSD. The macro dose day is the memorable bicycle ride home; the unintentional first dose was at a micro level absorbed through his skin (or somehow). Hoffman wasn’t ever very clear on how that happened; he did note a slight modulation from the micro experience … enough to convince him to try the macro.

LSD works because it modulates one’s serotonin system and its plethora of receptors (15 last time I checked). Hoffman was the first to experience the synaptic serotonin effects LSD yields – yet we all modulate our bodies via serotonin … we just do it daily in a micro way (it’s in us).

Below is a four-part science story from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed): it includes a dialogue between our immune and serotonin systems, an early microbiota life tale, a circadian clocks discussion, and talk of bowels (irritable and otherwise) and the brain-gut axis. The links and quotes are from PubMed.

Think of cannabinoids as the wheel’s hub and serotonin as the transmission: for certain, as Albert Hoffman attested, it’s a neurotransmission without equal.

Happy Bicycle Day 2014 Everyone!

~
I. A Dialogue (immune and serotonin systems)
“Neuropsychiatric disorders have long been linked to both immune system activation and alterations in serotonin (5-HT) signaling. In the CNS, the contributions of 5-HT modulate a broad range of targets, most notably, hypothalamic, limbic and cortical circuits linked to the control of mood and mood disorders. In the periphery, many are aware of the production and actions of 5-HT in the gut but are unaware that the molecule and its receptors are also present in the immune system where evidence suggests they contribute to the both innate and adaptive responses. In addition, there is clear evidence that the immune system communicates to the brain via both humoral and neuronal mechanisms, and that CNS 5-HT neurons are a direct or indirect target for these actions.”

A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotonin.
Baganz NL, Blakely RD.
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2013 Jan 16;4(1):48-63. doi: 10.1021/cn300186b. Epub 2012 Dec 7. Review.
PMID: 23336044 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Related citations

II. Early Life (immune, endocrine and serotonin systems)
“Bacterial colonisation of the intestine has a major role in the post-natal development and maturation of the immune and endocrine systems. … Regulation of the microbiome-gut-brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. … However, there is a paucity of data pertaining to the influence of microbiome on the serotonergic system. … Moreover, this alteration is sex specific in contrast with the immunological and neuroendocrine effects which are evident in both sexes. Concentrations of tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, are increased in the plasma of male GF animals, suggesting a humoral route through which the microbiota can influence CNS serotonergic neurotransmission.”

The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner.
Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF.
Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;18(6):666-73. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.77. Epub 2012 Jun 12.
PMID: 22688187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related citations

III. Circadian Clock (chickens and serotonin biosynthesis)
“Serotonin in blood plasma is primarily synthesized in the duodenum [first section of the small intestine], as brain derived serotonin does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Because serotonin in the brain and retina is synthesized under the control of a circadian clock, we sought to determine if a circadian clock in the duodenum regulates serotonin synthesis and release in blood. We examined gene expression in the duodenum of chickens at different times of the day and found that the duodenum rhythmically expresses molecular circadian clock genes and genes controlling serotonin biosynthesis, specifically tryptophan hydroxylase, in a light dark cycle (LD). … Because serotonin in the gut affects duodenal nutrient absorption and gut motility, the control of serotonin production in the duodenum by LD cycles could provide an additional mechanism by which the external environment controls nutrient uptake and digestive function.”

Biological clocks in the duodenum and the diurnal regulation of duodenal and plasma serotonin.
Ebert-Zavos E, Horvat-Gordon M, Taylor A, Bartell PA.
PLoS One. 2013 May 30;8(5):e58477. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058477. Print 2013.
PMID: 23737937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Related citations

IV. Bowels (irritable and otherwise: brain-gut axis)
“Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by abdominal discomfort, pain and changes in bowel habits, often associated with psychological/psychiatric disorders. It has been suggested that the development of IBS may be related to the body’s response to stress, which is one of the main factors that can modulate motility and visceral perception through the interaction between brain and gut (brain-gut axis). … Several lines of evidence indicate that 5-HT and its receptor subtypes are likely to have a central role in the pathophysiology of IBS. 5-HT released from enterochromaffin cells regulates sensory, motor and secretory functions of the digestive system through the interaction with different receptor subtypes. It has been suggested that pain signals originate in intrinsic primary afferent neurons and are transmitted by extrinsic primary afferent neurons. Moreover, IBS is associated with abnormal activation of central stress circuits, which results in altered perception during visceral stimulation.”

Serotonin receptors and their role in the pathophysiology and therapy of irritable bowel syndrome.
Stasi C, Bellini M, Bassotti G, Blandizzi C, Milani S.
Tech Coloproctol. 2014 Jan 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 24425100 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

Plus ~ Today's Video ~
Serotonin and the Gut Brain Connection
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYT5syDMsTQ

Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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    Author

    Brickner has a 1997 political science doctorate from Purdue University, cofounded Illinois NORML in 2001, and was a 2007 National NORML Cannabis Advocate Awardee. He is also publisher and coauthor of the 2011 book banned by the Illinois Department of Corrections – The Cannabis Papers: A Citizen’s Guide to Cannabinoids.

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