Bryan William Brickner
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2020: Putamen Cannabinoids and Opioids Control Our Brains (Even the brains of presidential candidates)

6/12/2016

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PicturePurple is Caudate Nucleus and Putamen / Orange is Thalamus







​
Brains presidential
 
There are cannabinoid (pot) receptors and precursors all over our brains; there are also opioid (heroin, morphine, oxycodone) receptors and precursors there too.
 
“If you were” to click on the publication image below you’d find a schematic representation of our brain’s cannabinoid and opioid receptors. The “If you were” is because there is some caution involved; seems that after looking at the image for a bit (twenty seconds or so) one might see the image looking back at you: I’m just saying it might happen.
 
I looked at the image for a bit and can report it shows three levels of receptor density for both cannabinoids and opioids: low, moderate and high. Some parts of our brains are high in both; one such spot is the caudate putamen.
 
The caudate putamen, located at the center of our brains (and the brains of all presidential candidates, it should be said), is fundamental to movement and learning; basically, we wouldn’t be bipedal or remember much without it. Adding science to our sense of ourselves, and the discussion known as the 2016 presidential election, will help us get through the next big thing: the 2020 Enumeration, i.e., the census and the “thirty Thousand.”
 
Interactions of the opioid and cannabinoid systems in reward: Insights from knockout studies
Frontiers in Pharmacology
Pubmed: 5 FEB 2015


From the abstract: The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins). The endogenous cannabinoid system comprises lipid neuromodulators (endocannabinoids), enzymes for their synthesis and their degradation and two well-characterized receptors, cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. These systems play a major role in the control of pain as well as in mood regulation, reward processing and the development of addiction. Both opioid and cannabinoid receptors are coupled to G proteins and are expressed throughout the brain reinforcement circuitry. 
​
*Images from this publication
See all images (1)Free text 

Next Up: Announcing the release of an Ew Publishing research pamphlet, Aspasia of Miletus: Socrates’ Didaskalos, on Wednesday 15 June.

 Posted by Bryan W. Brickner

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Homeostasis: Publius’ (Nano THC) Political Cannabinoid Science

10/29/2014

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PictureNano DNA Tetrahedron








The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
By Publius

 
Nano Edition

Today’s cannabinoid science Nano Edition notes five 2014 PubMed articles on the cannabinoid system (CS) modulating homeostasis – one with news from our political future: nanoplatforms for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinoldelivery. The line-up links to CS PubMed articles discussing: THC and traumatic brain injury, Crohn’s disease pathways, intestinal inflammation, salient stimuli and CS nanotechnology.

I. Homeostasis (Traumatic Brain Injury) and the CS (THC)
“Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids. The objective of this study was to establish a relationship between the presence of a positive toxicology screen for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and mortality after TBI. A 3-year retrospective review of registry data at a Level I center of patients sustaining TBI having a toxicology screen was performed. … A positive THC screen is associated with decreased mortality in adult patients sustaining TBI.”
Effect of marijuana use on outcomes in traumatic brain injury.
Nguyen BM, Kim D, Bricker S, Bongard F, Neville A, Putnam B, Smith J, Plurad D.
Am Surg. 2014 Oct;80(10):979-83.
PMID: 25264643 [PubMed - in process]
Related citations

II. Crohn’s Disease (Colitis) and the Opioid and Cannabinoid Systems
“The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of the NO/cGMP/PKG/K ATP + pathway, cannabinoids and opioids in remote antinociception associated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. … This disorder appears to be mediated by activation of the NO/cGMP/PKG/KATP pathway, endocannabinoids and endogenous opioids. This information may contribute to a better understanding of peripheral neurological dysfunctions occurring in Crohn's disease.”
Colitis generates remote antinociception in rats: the role of the L-arginine/NO/cGMP/PKG/KATP pathway and involvement of cannabinoid and opioid systems.
Barbosa AL, de Sousa RB, Torres JN, Cunha TM, Cunha FD, Soares PM, Ribeiro RD, Vale ML, Souza MH.
Inflamm Res. 2014 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25286904 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

III. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Colitis) and the CS
“In an attempt to further investigate the role of cannabinoid (CB) system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, we employed two recently developed ligands, AM841 (a covalently acting CB agonist) and CB13 (a peripherally-restricted CB agonist) to establish whether central and peripheral CB sites are involved in the anti-inflammatory action in the intestine. … This is the first evidence that central and peripheral CB receptors are responsible for the protective and therapeutic action of cannabinoids in mouse models of colitis. Our observations provide new insight to CB pharmacology and validate the use of novel ligands AM841 and CB13 as potent tools in CB-related research.”
Cannabinoids alleviate experimentally induced intestinal inflammation by acting at central and peripheral receptors.
Fichna J, Bawa M, Thakur GA, Tichkule R, Makriyannis A, McCafferty DM, Sharkey KA, Storr M.
PLoS One. 2014 Oct 2;9(10):e109115. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109115. eCollection 2014.
PMID: 25275313 [PubMed - in process] Free PMC Article
Related citations

IV. Homeostasis (Salient Stimuli) and the CS (THC and CBD)
“There is now considerable evidence to support the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms are the result of abnormal salience attribution, and that the attribution of salience is largely mediated through the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Although these areas show differential activation under the influence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two major derivatives of cannabis sativa, little is known about the effects of these cannabinoids on the functional connectivity between these regions. We investigated this in healthy occasional cannabis users by employing event-related fMRI following oral administration of delta-9-THC, CBD or a placebo capsule. … Our results suggest that the functional integration of brain regions involved in salience processing is differentially modulated by single doses of delta-9-THC and CBD and that this relates to the processing of salient stimuli.”
Cannabinoid Modulation of Functional Connectivity within Regions Processing Attentional Salience.
Bhattacharyya S, Falkenberg I, Martin-Santos R, Atakan Z, Crippa JA, Giampietro V, Brammer M, McGuire P.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Sep 24. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.258. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25249057 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

V. Homeostasis Future: Nanoplatforms for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinoldelivery
“The objective of this work is to develop a nanoplatform that can potentiate the oral administration of Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol, a highly lipophilic active agent with very promising antiproliferative and antiemetic activities. To that aim, colloidal carriers based on the biodegradable and biocompatible poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) were investigated. … To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles have been formulated for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinoldelivery.”
Engineering of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol delivery systems based on surface modified-PLGA nanoplatforms.
Martín-Banderas L, Muñoz-Rubio I, Alvarez-Fuentes J, Durán-Lobato M, Arias JL, Holgado MA, Fernández-Arévalo M.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2014 Sep 16. pii: S0927-7765(14)00461-5. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.002. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25262411 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

Bonus: Rick Simpson THC Interview on Red Ice Radio.


Tomorrow: a Halloween (almost-scary) dialogue on the BWB Blog: “Calling Steve About My Halloween Dream Return.” Next CS Homeostasis: Veteran’s Day and a PTSD edition, Sunday 9 November.

~

Posted by Bryan W. Brickner
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Homeostasis: Publius’ (Ultralow) THC Political Cannabinoid Science

9/5/2014

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PictureThe Cannabis Papers by Publius






The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
By Publius

Welcome Homeostasis!
Burning Man Edition

Today’s science roundup looks at four 2014 articles on how the cannabinoid system (CS) modulates our health through homeostasis. The line-up links to CS PubMed articles discussing: hippocampus inhibition and excitation, pain relief from a Chinese herb (thunder God vine), GABA pain dis-inhibition, and brain protection from a single ultralow dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

The annual Burning Man festival in Black Rock City (NV) was last week; participants test their CS by enduring two Black Rock extremes ~ art and nature ~ which create space for mind and body to catch a glimpse of … spirit.

I. Hippocampus Homeostasis (Inhibition and Excitation) and the CS (Endos)
“Endocannabinoids (eCBs) modulate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in hippocampus via activation of pre-synaptic cannabinoid receptors. Here, we present a model for cannabinoid mediated short-term depression of excitation (DSE) based on our recently developed model for the equivalent phenomenon of suppressing inhibition (DSI). … Finally, we explore under which conditions the combination of DSI and DSE can temporarily shift the fine balance between excitation and inhibition. This highlights a mechanism by which eCBs might act in a neuro-protective manner during high neural activity.”
Cannabinoid-mediated short-term plasticity in hippocampus.
Zachariou M, Thul R.
J Comput Neurosci. 2014 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25123173 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

II. Homeostasis (Pain Relief) and CS CB2 Signaling
“Celastrol, a major active ingredient of Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (thunder god vine), has exhibited a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and immunosuppression. … Taken together, our results demonstrate the analgesia effects of celastrol through CB2 signaling and propose the potential of exploiting celastrol as a novel candidate for pain relief.”
Celastrol attenuates inflammatory and neuropathic pain mediated by cannabinoid receptor type 2.
Yang L, Li Y, Ren J, Zhu C, Fu J, Lin D, Qiu Y.
Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Aug 6;15(8):13637-48. doi: 10.3390/ijms150813637.
PMID: 25101848 [PubMed - in process] Free Article
Related citations

III. Homeostasis (GABA Pain Dis-inhibition) and the CS
“At the cellular level, opioids and cannabinoids are hypothesised to activate descending analgesia through an indirect process of 'GABA disinhibition'-suppression of inhibitory GABAergic inputs onto output neurons which constitute the descending analgesic pathway.”
Descending modulation of pain: the GABA disinhibition hypothesis of analgesia.
Lau BK, Vaughan CW.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2014 Jul 24;29C:159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.010. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
PMID: 25064178 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

IV. Homeostasis (CS CNS Protection) from a Single Ultralow Dose of THC
“In our previous studies, we found that a single ultralow dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.002 mg/kg, three to four orders of magnitude lower than the conventional doses) protects the brain from different insults that cause cognitive deficits. … Our results suggest that an ultralow dose of THC that lacks any psychotrophic activity protects the brain from neuroinflammation-induced cognitive damage and might be used as an effective drug for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases.”
Ultralow doses of cannabinoid drugs protect the mouse brain from inflammation-induced cognitive damage.
Fishbein-Kaminietsky M, Gafni M, Sarne Y.
J Neurosci Res. 2014 Jul 16. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23452. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 25042014 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

Video: Cannabinoid Profiles - THC, THCA, THCV, CBD, CBG, CBN, CBC & Terpenes    

PictureOnce Upon A Time ...



Posted by Bryan W. Brickner






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Solstice Serotonin (5HTP) Science Stories

6/20/2014

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PictureLife ~ circa 2014






Serotonin activation was our topic on 19 April 2014; it’s serotonin life sciences today with the precursor 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) in highlight. 

Below are four (brief) science stories from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed). Shortened titles should suffice to suggest the main themes: Therapeutic 5-HTP, Hot Flash and Breast Cancer Reduction, Irritable Bowels, and Morphine’s Efficacy. The links and quotes are from PubMed (1998-2014).

Healthy Solstice Everyone!
~.~
Therapeutic 5-HTP Has Been Shown … (1998)
“5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the intermediate metabolite of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (LT) in the biosynthesis of serotonin. Intestinal absorption of 5-HTP does not require the presence of a transport molecule, and is not affected by the presence of other amino acids; therefore it may be taken with meals without reducing its effectiveness. … Therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of conditions, including depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.”
5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor.
Birdsall TC.
Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug;3(4):271-80. Review.
PMID: 9727088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
Related citations

Hot Flash (and Breast Cancer) Reduction: a hypothesis (2005)
“This would be particularly desirable for menopausal women with breast cancer or with risks of breast cancer. This article discusses the background information on hot flashes, SSRIs, tryptophan, and 5HTP, and possible clinical application of 5HTP for menopausal women with breast cancer risk.”
The potential of 5-hydryoxytryptophan for hot flash reduction: a hypothesis.
Curcio JJ, Kim LS, Wollner D, Pockaj BA.
Altern Med Rev. 2005 Sep;10(3):216-21.
PMID: 16164376 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
Related citations

A Serotonin-mediated Mechanism in Bowels (2014)
“Oral 5-HTP induced alterations in mucosal 5-HT metabolism. In healthy controls, a reinforcement of the intestinal barrier was seen whereas such reaction was absent in IBS [irritable bowel syndrome] patients. This could indicate the presence of a serotonin-mediated mechanism aimed to reinforce intestinal barrier function, which seems to dysfunction in IBS patients.”
Serotonergic reinforcement of intestinal barrier function is impaired in irritable bowel syndrome.
Keszthelyi D, Troost FJ, Jonkers DM, van Eijk HM, Lindsey PJ, Dekker J, Buurman WA, Masclee AA.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jun 18. doi: 10.1111/apt.12842. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 24943480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

Serotonin and Morphine’s Efficacy (2014)
“Systemic administration of morphine increases 5-HT levels in the spinal cord, and the increase in 5-HT contributes to morphine-induced analgesia in the normal state but attenuates that in neuropathic pain through spinal 5-HT3 receptors. The plasticity of the descending serotonergic system may contribute to the reduced efficacy of systemic morphine in neuropathic pain.”
Peripheral Nerve Injury Reduces Analgesic Effects of Systemic Morphine via Spinal 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 Receptors.
Kimura M, Obata H, Saito S.
Anesthesiology. 2014 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 24887968 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related citations

VIDEO:
5HTP benefit and side effects of 5htp, dosage, anxiety, weight loss, sleep

BONUS VIDEO: Serotonin/Binaural Beats
5-HTP secretion for happiness binaural beats, intensity WARNING

~ Posted by Bryan W. Brickner ~


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Indiscernible Cannabinoid System Science ~ Publius’ February 2014 Roundup

2/27/2014

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Picture
The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
By Publius 


This roundup links to seven 2014 PubMed articles on cannabinoids modulating other systems in our bodies, such as: the olfactory, endocrine, vanilloid, serotonin, opioid, dopamine, and nervous systems. There’s also a bit of systemic science ~ getting a good night’s sleep.


I. Olfactory System and CS
“Thus, CB1 receptor-dependent control of cortical feedback projections in olfactory circuits couples internal states to perception and behavior.”

The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes.
  Soria-Gómez E, Bellocchio L, Reguero L, Lepousez G, Martin C, Bendahmane M, Ruehle S, Remmers F, Desprez T, Matias I,
  Wiesner T, Cannich A, Nissant A, Wadleigh A, Pape HC, Chiarlone AP, Quarta C, Verrier D, Vincent P, Massa F, Lutz B,
  Guzmán M, Gurden H, Ferreira G, Lledo PM, Grandes P, Marsicano G.
  Nat Neurosci. 2014 Mar;17(3):407-15. doi: 10.1038/nn.3647. Epub 2014 Feb 9.
  PMID: 24509429 [PubMed - in process]

II. Endocrine System (Hypothalamus-pituitary axis) and CS
“Whereas the effect on 3β-HSD was counteracted by SR141716A (Rimonabant) - a selective antagonist of CB1, thus indicating a CB1 dependent modulation - the effect on cyp17 was not, suggesting a possible involvement of receptors other than CB1, probably the type-1 vanilloid receptor (TRPV1), since AEA works as an endocannabinoid and an endovanilloid as well.”

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis: an obligatory target for endocannabinoids to inhibit steroidogenesis in frog testis.
  Chianese R, Ciaramella V, Fasano S, Pierantoni R, Meccariello R.
  Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 21. pii: S0016-6480(14)00053-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.010. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24566122 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

III. Vanilloid System (Schizophrenia) and CS
“Our results indicate that the schizophrenia-like behaviors displayed by SHR [Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats]  are differently altered by cannabinoid and vanilloid drugs when compared to control animals and suggest the endocannabinoid and the vanilloid systems as a potential target for the treatment of schizophrenia.”

Effects of cannabinoid and vanilloid drugs on positive and negative-like symptoms on an animal model of schizophrenia: The SHR strain.
  Almeida V, Peres FF, Levin R, Suiama MA, Calzavara MB, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, Abílio VC.
  Schizophr Res. 2014 Feb 17. pii: S0920-9964(14)00062-0. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.039. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24556469 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

IV. Serotonin, Opioid, and Dopamine Systems and CS
“In this review we highlight the evidence for the physiological role of such constitutive GPCR [G protein-coupled receptor]   activity (in particular for cannabinoid 1, serotonin 2C and mu-opioid receptors) in the ventral tegmental area and in its output regions like the nucleus accumbens. We also address the behavioral relevance of constitutive GPCR signaling and discuss the repercussions of its abolition in dopamine-related psychiatric diseases.”

The vital role of constitutive GPCR activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system.
  Meye FJ, Ramakers GM, Adan RA.
  Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Feb 11;4:e361. doi: 10.1038/tp.2013.130.
  PMID: 24518399 [PubMed - in process]

V. Sleep, Systems and CS
“Overall, these findings demonstrate that the EC [Endo-Cannabinoid] system actively regulates cortical up-states and important features of NREM sleep such as its duration and low frequency cortical oscillations.”

Endocannabinoid Modulation of Cortical Up-States and NREM Sleep.
  Pava MJ, den Hartog CR, Blanco-Centurion C, Shiromani PJ, Woodward JJ.
  PLoS One. 2014 Feb 10;9(2):e88672. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088672. eCollection 2014.
  PMID: 24520411 [PubMed - in process] Free PMC Article

VI. Central Nervous System and CS
“In the present study, we discovered that 2-AG significantly protects CN neurons in culture against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response.”

Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonylglycerol Protects Primary Cultured Neurons Against LPS-Induced Impairments in Rat Caudate Nucleus.
  Lu Y, Peng F, Dong M, Yang H.
  J Mol Neurosci. 2014 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24510751 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

VII. Nervous System (Alzheimer’s/Dementia) and CS
“The altered CB1 levels appear, rather, to be age-and/or pathology-dependent, indicating an involvement of the endocannabinoid system in AD pathology and supporting the ECS as a potential novel therapeutic target for treatment of AD.”

Altered Expression of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
  Bedse G, Romano A, Cianci S, Lavecchia AM, Lorenzo P, Elphick MR, Laferla FM, Vendemiale G, Grillo C, Altieri F, Cassano
  T, Gaetani S.
  J Alzheimers Dis. 2014 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24496074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

~.~
February's Video
What if Cannabinoids in Cannabis Cured Cancer & Other Diseases?

  Posted by bwb.

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Indiscernible Cannabinoid Science ~ Publius’ January 2014 Roundup

1/30/2014

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Picture
The Cannabis Papers: A citizen’s guide to cannabinoids (2011)
by Publius

Here are a few recent 2013-14 findings on how cannabinoids modulate homeostasis and other systems in our bodies: the roundup links to seven recent PubMed articles on the central nervous, reproductive, neuromodulatory, limbic and opioid systems.

I. Nervous System (Alzheimer’s/Dementia) and CS
“The results confirm the constitutive role of the CB2 receptor system both in reducing amyloid plaque pathology in AD [Alzheimer’s disease] and also support the potential of cannabinoid therapies targeting CB2 to reduce Aβ; however, the results suggest that interventions may have a divergent effect on tau pathology.”

CB2 Receptor Deficiency Increases Amyloid Pathology and Alters Tau Processing in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
  Koppel J, Vingtdeux V, Marambaud P, D'abramo C, Jimenez H, Stauber M, Friedman R, Davies P.
  Mol Med. 2013 Nov 8;19:357-64. doi: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00140.
  PMID: 24408112 [PubMed - in process] Free PMC Article

II. Reproductive System (Male) and CS
“Together with their receptors and metabolic enzymes, they form the "endocannabinoid system" (ECS). In male reproductive tracts, they affect Sertoli cell activities, Leydig cell proliferation, germ cell differentiation, sperm motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction.”

The Endocannabinoid System and Spermatogenesis.
  Grimaldi P, Di Giacomo D, Geremia R.
  Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013 Dec 16;4:192. eCollection 2013. Review.
  PMID: 24379805 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Free PMC Article

III. Neuromodulatory System and CS
“Emerging findings suggest the existence of a cross-talk between hypocretinergic and endocannabinoid systems. Although few studies have examined this relationship, the apparent overlap observed in the neuroanatomical distribution of both systems as well as their putative functions strongly point to the existence of such cross-modulation.”

Cannabinoid-hypocretin cross-talk in the central nervous system : what we know so far.
  Flores A, Maldonado R, Berrendero F.
  Front Neurosci. 2013 Dec 20;7:256. eCollection 2013. Review.
  PMID: 24391536 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Free PMC Article

IV. Limbic System (Emotions) and CS
"Based on the evidence reviewed here, we propose that the endocannabinoid system is an emotional buffer that moderates the effects of environmental context and stress on cognitive processes."

The endocannabinoid system: An emotional buffer in the modulation of memory function.
  Morena M, Campolongo P.
  Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013 Dec 29. pii: S1074-7427(13)00266-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.010. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24382324 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

V. Central Nervous System (Nicotine/Acetylcholine) and CS
“Furthermore, it seems that there is a functional interaction between the BLA cannabinoid receptors and nicotine in producing the rewarding effects.”

Basolateral amygdala CB1cannabinoid receptors mediate nicotine-induced place preference.
  Hashemizadeh S, Sardari M, Rezayof A.
  Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jan 24. pii: S0278-5846(14)00011-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.010. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24468643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

VI. Homeostasis and the CS
“The endocannabinoid system is present in stress-responsive neural circuits and it is emerging as a homeostatic system.”

Regulatory role of the Cannabinoid-2  receptor in stress-induced neuroinflammation in mice.
  Zoppi S, Madrigal JL, Caso JR, García-Gutiérrez MS, Manzanares J, Leza JC, García-Bueno B.
  Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Jan 28. doi: 10.1111/bph.12607. [Epub ahead of print]
  PMID: 24467609 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

VII. Opioid System and CS
“These results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the peripheral effect of crotalphine an antinociceptive peptide, as well as the interaction between the opioid and cannabinoid systems.”

Peripheral interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems contribute to the antinociceptive effect of crotalphine.
  Machado FC, Zambelli VO, Fernandes AC, Heimann AS, Cury Y, Picolo G.
  Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Feb;171(4):961-72. doi: 10.1111/bph.12488.
  PMID: 24460677 [PubMed - in process]

~
Bryan w. Brickner


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    Author

    Brickner has a 1997 political science doctorate from Purdue University, cofounded Illinois NORML in 2001, and was a 2007 National NORML Cannabis Advocate Awardee. He is also publisher and coauthor of the 2011 book banned by the Illinois Department of Corrections – The Cannabis Papers: A Citizen’s Guide to Cannabinoids.

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