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Republican Values: Gus Kotka and Johnny Reb On Our Way of Truth

1/1/2017

3 Comments

 
PictureGus and Johnny OOW Reverence

​Part 2 of 13
 
 
 




“… She showed him the Truth Johnny?”
“The Way of Truth Gus.”
“As opposed to the Not Is.”
“Right.”
“That’s the nonsense way.”
“Yes.”
“Did Parmenides' goddess say her name?”
“She didn’t.”
“So it could have been any goddess?”
“Sure.”
“Even what we might call an angel.”
“I hear ya Yank.”
“Just trying to put it into our language.”
“Agreed.”
“With respect and all Johnny.”
“Reverence.”



PictureGus and Johnny OOW Spirits



​





​
​“Right.”
“That’s how they thought of Parmenides Gus, with veneration.”
“Veneration?”
“Yes.”
“Like a saint Reb?”
“For some in ancient Greece and Italy.”
“Socrates?”
“Correct.”
“I was just guessing Johnny.”
“Good guessing.”
“Did Socrates have a vision too, you know, like Parmenides?”
“Sort of Gus: with Socrates, he claimed a female spirit was always with him.”
“Doing what?”



PictureGus and Johnny OOW Republic








​“Dissuading him from doing.”
“Socrates, did he know Parmenides?”
“Plato says so.”
“Plato of The Republic fame.”
“You know it?”
“Just the word.”
“Republic.”
“Yeah; so did Plato know Parmenides?”
“No.”
“Did Plato know Socrates?”
“He was his student.”
“And a Plato goddess, yes?”
“No, not like the other two Gus.”
“What happened to the goddesses Johnny?"
“Well …”
 



*Next Up: 8 January 2017 and part 3 of Republican Values: Gus Kotka and Johnny Reb On Our Way Plato.
 
Posted by Bryan W. Brickner 

3 Comments
Michael Nielsen link
1/7/2017 01:05:57 pm

Namaste ji Bryan W Brickner

Republican Values: ... On Our Way of Truth

Jan. 5, 2017, TIME

Vice President Joe Biden said it’s “time” for President-elect Donald Trump to “grow up” and “be an adult” in a new interview set to air Thursday night.

Biden flashed a wide smile as he delivered his punches after PBS NewsHour’s Judy Woodruff asked him to comment on a series of recent Trump tweets, including one in which he called Sen. Chuck Schumer a “head clown.”

“Grow up, Donald. Grow up. Time to be an adult. You’re president,”
Biden said, according to a brief video clip the program published on Twitter. “You got to do something. Show us what you have.”

A Enhanced Functional Activity of the Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Mediates Adolescent Behavior.

Miriam Schneider, et al, J Neurosci. 2015 Oct 14; 35(41): 13975–13988.

Adolescence is characterized by drastic behavioral adaptations and comprises a particularly vulnerable period for the emergence of various psychiatric disorders. Growing evidence reveals that the pathophysiology of these disorders might derive from aberrations of normal neurodevelopmental changes in the adolescent brain.

Understanding the molecular underpinnings of adolescent behavior is therefore critical for understanding the origin of psychopathology, but the molecular mechanisms that trigger adolescent behavior are unknown.

Here, we hypothesize that the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) may play a critical role in mediating adolescent behavior because enhanced endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has been suggested to occur transiently during adolescence.

To study enhanced CB1R signaling, we introduced a missense mutation (F238L) into the rat Cnr1 gene that encodes for the CB1R.

According to our hypothesis, rats with the F238L mutation (Cnr1F238L) should sustain features of adolescent behavior into adulthood.

Gain of function of the mutated receptor was demonstrated by in silico modeling and was verified functionally in a series of biochemical and electrophysiological experiments.

Mutant rats exhibit an adolescent-like phenotype during adulthood compared with wild-type littermates, with typical high risk/novelty seeking, increased peer interaction, enhanced impulsivity, and augmented reward sensitivity for drug and nondrug reward.

Partial inhibition of CB1R activity in Cnr1F238L mutant rats normalized behavior and led to a wild-type phenotype.

We conclude that the activity state and functionality of the CB1R is critical for mediating adolescent behavior. These findings implicate the eCB system as an important research target for the neuropathology of adolescent-onset mental health disorders.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
We present the first rodent model with a gain-of-function mutation in the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R). Adult mutant rats exhibit an adolescent-like phenotype with typical high risk seeking, impulsivity, and augmented drug and nondrug reward sensitivity.

Adolescence is a critical period for suboptimal behavioral choices and the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders. Understanding the basis of these disorders therefore requires a comprehensive knowledge of how adolescent neurodevelopment triggers behavioral reactions.

Our behavioral observations in adult mutant rats, together with reports on enhanced adolescent CB1R signaling, suggest a pivotal role for the CB1R in an adolescent brain as an important molecular mediator of adolescent behavior.

These findings implicate the endocannabinoid system as a notable research target for adolescent-onset mental health disorders.

Keywords: adolescence, CB1 receptor, endocannabinoids, ENU mutagenesis, reward processing, risk seeking

- Institute of Psychopharmacology and Research Group Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany,

* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604232/

* TIME: http://time.com/4624814/joe-biden-donald-trump-grow-up/

With the very best wishes

Reply
Michael Nielsen link
1/8/2017 12:49:55 pm

Namaste ji Bryan W Brickner

"Partial inhibition of CB1R activity normalized behavior and led to an adult phenotype."

In case

Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ9-THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease

C García, et al, Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Aug; 163(7): 1495–1506.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Previous findings have indicated that a cannabinoid, such as Δ9-THCV, which has antioxidant properties and the ability to activate CB2 receptors but to block CB1, might be a promising therapy for alleviating symptoms and delaying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD).

KEY RESULTS

Acute administration of Δ9-THCV attenuated the motor inhibition caused by 6-hydroxydopamine, presumably through changes in glutamatergic transmission.

Moreover, chronic administration of Δ9-THCV attenuated the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase–positive neurones caused by 6-hydroxydopamine in the substantia nigra, through an effect related to its antioxidant properties (it was reproduced by cannabidiol -enriched botanical extract).

In addition, CB2 receptor–deficient mice responded to 6-hydroxydopamine in a similar manner to wild-type animals, and CB2 receptors were poorly up-regulated in the rat substantia nigra in response to 6-hydroxydopamine.

By contrast, the substantia nigra of mice that had been injected with LPS exhibited a greater up-regulation of CB2 receptors. In these animals, Δ9-THCV also caused preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase–positive neurones.

This effect probably involved CB2 receptors as it was also elicited by the selective CB2 receptor agonist, HU-308, and CB2 receptor–deficient mice were more vulnerable to LPS lesions.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Given its antioxidant properties and its ability to activate CB2 but to block CB1 receptors, Δ9-THCV has a promising pharmacological profile for delaying disease progression in PD and also for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms.

- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.

* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165958/

PS. Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV: C19H26O2; omega 4 fatty acid): is a homologue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) having a propyl (3-carbon) side chain instead of a pentyl (5-carbon) group on the molecule, which makes it produce very different effects from THC.

Plants with elevated levels of propyl cannabinoids (including THCV) have been found in populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (= Cannabis indica Lam.) from China, India, Nepal, Thailand, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as southern and western Africa. THCV levels up to 53.7% of total cannabinoids have been reported.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin

With best wishes

Reply
Michael Nielsen link
1/8/2017 01:39:12 pm

Composition comprising omega-7 and/or omega-4 fatty acids

Patent application, jun 22, 2009

… As the relative balance between mono-unsaturated and long-chain poly-unsaturated acyl chains in membrane bilayers is a fundamental determinant of metabolic rate of a species, the membrane acyl composition is very important for cell integrity, cell protection and cell restoration. It is thus of utmost importance to keep the right balance between mono-unsaturated fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (resp. MUFA's and PUFA's), as well as the right mixture of omega's 3, 4 and 7 of various lengths.

… Omega-4 fatty acids are also important in cell membrane composition. Their increased presence in membranes increases for instance fluidity and protection to salt stress and freezing. Moreover, increased unsaturation is beneficial in processes such as protein sorting mediated by lipid rafts in the membrane. This improves the cell functionality and increases the protection of the cell against cellular damages.

Further, omega-4 fatty acids have anti-oxidative properties, anti-tumor promoting and anti-inflammatory protective activities after cell damage (against possible pathogens).

It has been reported that omega-7 fatty acids are precursors for the production of omega-4 fatty acids. Omega-4 16:2 or palmitolinoleic acid is synthesized from palmitoleic acid or omega-7 16:1. The pathways of both types of omega fatty acids are linked. Very likely they can in part fulfill similar functions.

Rather stating the obvious but there is probably no such thing as an omega-4 or omega-7 or even omega-3 line, but rather a vast network of interactions that can switch from one end to the other albeit across intermediates. Clearly they are interrelated in a metabolically significant way. Omega-4 and omega-7 fatty acids are balanced and interchangeable within the cell membrane.

At present, natural sources of omega-7 fatty acids are mainly vegetal oils, such as Gevuina (Gevuina avellana), Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) and Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) oils; although a variety of animal oils and marine oils also exist. Sources of omega-4 are fish oil, fungi, such as phytophora and mucorales, and soybean oil. ...

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010149662A1?cl=en

Reply



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    Brickner has a 1997 political science doctorate from Purdue University, cofounded Illinois NORML in 2001, and was a 2007 National NORML Cannabis Advocate Awardee. He is also publisher and coauthor of the 2011 book banned by the Illinois Department of Corrections – The Cannabis Papers: A Citizen’s Guide to Cannabinoids.

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